Ectolysins against Staphylococcus: 
Ectolysin P128, GangaGen’s lead molecule is a chimeric recombinant anti-staphylococcal protein that targets both coagulase positive and coagulase negative Staphylococci. 
P128 has a novel mechanism of action and rapidly kills Staphylococci.
It is proven to be very effective both in vitro & in vivo against multidrug resistant pathogens like Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and Daptomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (DRSA). GangaGen has completed Phase I/IIA studies with P128 for ‘nasal decontamination of S. aureus’ from human nares.
	(Learn more about P128 here. Link  page)

Ectolysins against Enterococcus:
GangaGen has used PATP to discover and engineer novel ectolysins suitable for multiple applications. 




-- Ectolysins are phage structural proteins, which enable phages to penetrate the bacterial cell. They cleave specific chemical bonds on the bacterial cell wall, leading to bacterial lysis and death. 
-- Ectolysins have the following advantages over antibiotics
1) Rapid action - Ectolysins are rapid acting and cleave the cell wall immediately on contact, within minutes, as against antibiotics that need longer duration to kill the cells.
2) Specific - Ectolysins are very specific to the target bacterial species and hence kill only the target pathogen without affecting the microbiome or the commensal bacterial flora as compared to antibiotics which kill both the pathogens as well as the beneficial bacteria.
3) Mechanism of action – Ectolysins have novel mode of action- they include enzymatic mechanisms like Muramidase, Glucosaminidase, Amidase or endopeptidase depending upon the cell wall bond targeted by the individual ectolysin.  The availability of a library of enzymatic domains offers the opportunity of protein engineering.
4) Bactericidal activity is not dependent on the metabolic stage of the cell – Ectolysins kill both actively growing as well as stationary phase cells irrespective of the metabolic state. But antibiotics act only on metabolically active cells.
5) Active on Biofilms – Ectolysins are active both on planktonic bacteria & bacterial biofilms as against antibiotics, which act poorly on bacterial biofilms.
6) Less propensity for resistance- Ectolysins cleave essential cell wall chemical bonds, which are highly conserved and omnipresent on the bacterial cell surface; hence the propensity for the development of bacterial resistance is low. 


Ectolysins Against Gram Positive Bacteria

Ectolysins against Staphylococcus: 
Ectolysin P128, GangaGen’s lead molecule is a chimeric recombinant anti-staphylococcal protein that targets both coagulase positive and coagulase negative Staphylococci. 
P128 has a novel mechanism of action and rapidly kills Staphylococci.
It is proven to be very effective both in vitro & in vivo against multidrug resistant pathogens like Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and Daptomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (DRSA). GangaGen has completed Phase I/IIA studies with P128 for ‘nasal decontamination of S. aureus’ from human nares.
	(Learn more about P128 here. Link  page)

Ectolysins against Enterococcus:
GangaGen has used PATP to discover and engineer novel ectolysins suitable for multiple applications.

Ectolysins Against Gram Negative Bacteria

The development of ectolysins against Gram negative bacteria is a challenge due to the presence of impermeable outer membrane that prevents access to the Gram negative peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall.

GangaGen has successfully overcome this challenge to discover and engineer lysins with broad spectrum activity against human pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

GangaGen's Gram negative ectolysins are potent in extensive in vitro studies including demonstrated activity in relevant biological fluids and in vivo studies. GangaGen aims to develop these ectolysins as an intravenous therapeutic for human applications.

